June 17th, 1953
The violent suppression of the popular uprising in the
German Democratic Republic
1. Background:
After the Second World
War, Germany lay in ruins. The infrastructure had collapsed. The occupying
powers, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the USA divided Germany.
The Soviet Union received the areas of what would later become Mecklenburg-Western
Pomerania, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Saxony as well as the
eastern part of the city of Berlin. On October 7, 1949, the German Democratic
Republic was proclaimed. But the GDR had been suffering from domestic political
problems since its founding. These were caused by the high reparations payments
to the Soviet Union. Following the Soviet model, the GDR decided to build
socialism in 1952. This resulted in companies being nationalized and farms
being merged. In addition, the GDR was increasingly distancing itself from the
West. Compared to the Federal Republic, people were worse off. The population
was suffering from supply shortages and food rationing. The reason for this is
the government's focus on rebuilding the military. As a result, a large number
of the GDR population left the East German state. The socialist brother state
therefore lacked workers, so the SED leadership decided to increase the work
norm by 10%. More work for the same pay. It is clear that this was not met with
enthusiasm... Although this was withdrawn the day before the uprisings, the
workers did not calm down.
2. The uprisings
All sections of the
population are involved in the uprising, including men, women and young people,
who influence events in various roles. The demonstrations take place not only
in cities such as Leipzig and East Berlin, but also in the countryside. The
rural population was already dissatisfied on June 12, 1953, in response to the
merger of agricultural companies into LPG (agricultural production cooperatives).
In East Berlin, workers on large construction sites went on strike on June 15
and 16. These workers called a general strike for the following day and more
and more people joined. Ultimately, around a million people took part in the
uprisings. People took part in strikes and demonstrations in around 700
communities and towns, but the uprisings were concentrated in the industrial
centers of Halle, Merseburg and Magdeburg and the industrial district of
Leipzig as well as East Berlin companies. By June 21, 1953, there had been
resignations from the LPG and work stoppages in 302 communities.
3. The demands:
After the work norm had
been lowered again, the demonstrators now demanded, among other things, free
and secret elections, the resignation of the government, freedom of the press
and the release of political prisoners.
They demonstrated with
the following slogans, among others: "Strike down the government!",
"Away with the goatee clique!", "Butter instead of a national
army!", "We don't want to be slaves!", "Brothers, to the
sun, to freedom!" [1]
4. The violent
suppression
The GDR government
itself cannot do enough to counter the uprising. So the Soviet Union helps the
GDR government. A state of emergency is declared and from 11:30 a.m. Soviet
tanks roll through the streets of Berlin. At 12 noon the first soldiers fire.
Although they initially fire over the crowd, there are deaths. To this day it
is not possible to say exactly how many people died. There are estimates that
say between 50 and 125 deaths. The squares are all cleared by the evening and a
curfew is imposed. But this bloody approach is not only taking place in Berlin;
the soldiers also take tough action in other places.
The consequences:
In the days and weeks
after June 17, 1953, 13,000 to 14,000 people are taken prisoner, many of whom
are quickly released. However, 2500 are sentenced to often long prison terms
and unfortunately also to death.
Because they realize
that they have no opportunity to change, many GDR citizens flee to the West. The
government realizes that the population does not support it and that resistance
can only be resolved with the use of violence. This leads to the construction
of the Wall, which restricts the freedom of the GDR population from 1961 to
1989.
The Federal Republic
declares June 17th a public holiday in the year of the uprising. The GDR
government, however, clarifies the uprising as an attempted coup initiated by
the West. But this is clearly wrong.
Today the street
between the Victory Column and the Brandenburg Gate is named after June 17th.
Philipp